* 本篇文章难度系数5.9，由《小仙英语伴读》人工智能难度分析系统提供评分。The branches of science, also referred to as sciences, “scientific fields”, or “scientific disciplines,” are commonly divided into three major groups:【译】科学的分支，也常称为科学种类，“科学领域”或“科学学科”，通常分为三大类：【短语】refer to 参考，涉及，指的是，适用于；例句：For further details, please refer to page 426. 详情请can看四百二十六页。【单词】commonly [‘kom-uhn-lee][‘kmnli] adv. 一般地；通常地【单词】divided 原型：divide

[dih-‘vahyd][d’vad] vt. 划分

Formal sciences: the study of formal systems, such as those under the branches of logic and mathematics, which use an a priori, as opposed to empirical, methodology.【译】形式科学：对形式系统的研究，如逻辑和数学分支下的那些学科，它们使用先验的方法论，而不是经验的方法论。【单词】logic [‘loj-ik][‘ldk] n. 逻辑；逻辑学；条理性；推理【单词】mathematics [math-uh-‘mat-iks][mθ’mtks] n. 数学【单词】priori 外来词 adj. 先验的(由原因推出结果的) adv. 先验(由原因推出结果)【单词】opposed 对立的，对应的。 原型：oppose [uh-‘pohz][‘pz] v. 反对；使对立【单词】methodology [meth-uh-‘dol-uh-jee][meθ’dldi] n. 方法学；一套方法

Formal sciences include mathematics, machine sciences (e.g. computer science), etc.【译】形式科学包括数学、机器科学（如计算机科学）等。【单词】machine [muh-‘sheen][m’in] n. 机器【单词】computer [kuhm-‘pyoo-ter][km’pjut(r)] n. 电脑；计算机【单词】etc [‘etk] abbr. 及其他；等等(=Et cetera)

Natural sciences: the study of natural phenomena (including cosmological, geological, physical, chemical, and biological factors of the universe).【译】自然科学：研究自然现象（包括宇宙、地质、物理、化学和生物等内容）。【单词】phenomena 复数形式，原型：phenomenon [fi-‘nom-uh-non, -nuhn][f’nmnn] n. 现象【单词】cosmological [koz-‘mol-uh-jee][kzm’ldkl] adj. 宇宙哲学的；宇宙论的【单词】geological [jee-uh-‘loj-ik][di’ldkl] adj. 地质学的 =geologic.【单词】chemical [‘kem-i-kuhl][‘kemkl] adj. 化学的【单词】biological [bahy-uh-‘loj-i-kuhl][ba’ldkl] adj. 生物的；生物学的【单词】factors 原型：factor [‘fak-ter][‘fkt] n. 因素【单词】universe [‘yoo-nuh-vurs][‘junvs] n. 宇宙；万物；世界

Natural science can be divided into two main branches: physical science and life science (or biological science).【译】自然科学可分为两大分支：物质科学和生命科学（或生物科学）。

Social sciences: the study of human behavior in its social and cultural aspects.【译】社会科学：从社会和文化方面研究人类行为的学科。【单词】behavior [bih-‘heyv-yer][b’hevj] n. 行为；举止；习性【单词】cultural [‘kuhl-cher-uhl][‘kltrl] adj. 文化的【单词】aspects 原型：aspect [‘as-pekt][‘spekt] n. 方面

Natural and social sciences are empirical sciences, meaning that the knowledge must be based on observable phenomena and must be capable of being verified by other researchers working under the same conditions.【译】自然科学和社会科学都是经验性科学，这意味着知识必须建立在可观察到的现象的基础上，并且必须能够被在同样条件下工作的其他研究人员所验证。【短语】be capable of表示“有……能力的；可……的“，后接名词或动名词。其否定形式为be incapable of。该词组与be able to意思接近，只是be able to后接动词原形。如：The new plant will be capable of producing 3 00000 vehicles a year.【短语】be based on …，是基于…的；例句：This effort must be based on performance.这一努力必须基于实际行动。【单词】observable [uhb-‘zur-vuh-buhl][b’zvbl] adj. 可观察到的【单词】capable [‘key-puh-buhl][‘kepbl] adj. 有能力的；有…的可能性【单词】verified 原型：verify [‘ver-uh-fahy][‘verfa] vt. 核实；证明【单词】researchers 原

型：researcher [ri-‘surch, ‘ree-surch][r’st] n. 研究人员【单词】conditions 原型：condition [kuhn-‘dish-uhn][kn’dn] n. 条件；情况

This verifiability may well vary even within a scientific discipline.【译】即使在一门科学学科中，这种可验证性也可能存在很大差异。【单词】verifiability [‘ver-uh-fahy][‘verfa’blt] n. 能证明；可检验性【单词】vary [‘vair-ee][‘veri] v. 改变；变化；使多样化

Natural, social, and formal science make up the fundamental sciences, which form the basis of interdisciplinary and applied sciences such as engineering and medicine.【译】自然科学、社会科学和形式科学构成了基础科学，基础科学构成了工程和医学等跨学科和应用科学的基础。【单词】interdisciplinary [in-ter-‘dis-uh-pluh-ner-ee][nt’dsplnri] adj. 各学科间的；跨学科的【单词】applied 应用的。 原型：apply [uh-‘plahy][‘pla] vt. 应用【单词】engineering 工程，工程学。原型：engineer [en-juh-‘neer][end’n] n. 工程，工程师【单词】medicine [‘med-uh-sin][‘medsn] n. 药；医学

Specialized scientific disciplines that exist in multiple categories may include

parts of other scientific disciplines but often possess their own terminologies and expertises.【译】存在于多个类别中的专门科学学科可能包括其他科学学科的一部分，但往往拥有自己的术语和专长。【单词】specialize [‘spesh-uh-lahyz][‘spelaz] v. 专攻，有……的专长【单词】exist [ig-‘zist][ɡ’zst] v. 存在【单词】multiple [‘muhl-tuh-puhl][‘mltpl] adj. 多种多样的；许多的【单词】categories 原型：category [‘kat-i-gawr-ee, -gohr-ee][‘ktɡri] n. 种类；类别；范畴【单词】possess [puh-‘zes][p’zes] vt. 拥有；持有；支配【单词】terminologies [tur-muh-‘nol-uh-jee][tm’nldi] n. 术语；术语学