所指(Reference)

The relationship between language and the world.

所指是语言与周围世界的关系。通过所指，说话方表明他在谈论世界上的哪种事物。

Jean forgot to feed her cat yesterday evening.

概念(Concept)

The result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.

概念和意义紧密相连但不等同，是人类认知的结果，是客观事物在人脑中的反应。

much many 同一概念，不同表达

much time; much money

many people; many books

意义(Sense)

The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expression in the language.

不像所指，语义表示的是语言内部的关系。有意义的每个词都有语义。

BrE AmE

pavement sidewalk

人行道

flat apartment 公寓

underground subway 地铁

autumn fall 秋天

2 词义的理据(Motivation)

Motivation accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.

理据讨论的是语言符号和意义之间的关联。

拟声理据(Onomatopoeic Motivation)

拟声词：Crow，quack，trumpet，buzz，croak，bang，

形态理据(Morphological Motivation)

airmail means to mail by air

reading-lamp is the lamp for reading

miniskirt is a small skirt

hopeless means without hope；

Black market means illegal selling and buying

greenhorn means a newcomer

语义理据（Semantic Motivation）

foot of the mountain 山脚

词源理据（Etymological Motivation）

pen最初指代feather羽毛

3 词义的类别(Types of Meaning)

联想意义(Associative Meaning)

内涵意义(Connotative)

East or west, home

is best. home：family, safety, love

文体意义(Stylistic)

Words are

marked as formal, inform,literary,archaic

感情意义(Affective)

The speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in questions.

搭配意义(Collocative)

Pretty，handsome：good looking. Pretty woman；Handsome boy