??第一有些:基础常识
1.字母:26个字母的巨细写
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
2.语音:元音的发音
五个元音字母:aeiou
12个单元音:
前元音:[i:] [?] /e/ [?]
中元音:[?:] [?]
后元音:[ɑ:] [?] [?:] [u :] [?] [?]
双元音(8个) 合口双元音(5个)[ai] [ei] [au] [?u] [?i] 会集双元音(3个) [i?][ε?][u?]
3.词汇:词汇量,近反义词
4.语句:巨细写,标点符号
第二有些:语法常识
1名词:名词单复数,名词的格
(一)名词单复数
一般情况,直接加-s,如:book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds
以s. x. sh. ch结束,加-es,如:bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches
以“子音字母+y”结束,变y为i, 再加-es,如:family-families, strawberry-strawberries
以“f或fe”结束,变f或fe为v, 再加-es,如:knife-knives
不规则名词复数: man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen, mouse-mice child-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, fish-fish, people-people, chinese-chinese, japanese-japanese
不可以数名词的复数就是原型:paper, juice, water, milk, rice, tea
(二)名词的格
a) 奇数后加 ’s 如: lucy’s ruler my father’s shirt b) 以s 结束的复数名词后加 ’如: his friends’ bags c) 不以s 结束的复数后加 ’s children’s shoes 并排名词中,假定把 ’s加在最终一个名词后,标明共有, 如: tom and mike’s car 汤姆和迈克共有的小轿车 要标明一切物不是共有的,应别离在并排名词后加’s tom’s and mike’s cars 汤姆和麦克各自的小轿车
(2)标明无生命东西的名词一般用“ of +名词”来标明一切联络:如:
a picture of the classroom a map of china
2冠词:不定冠词,定冠词品种:
(1)不定冠词:a / an a unit / an uncle
元音最初的可数名词前用an :
an egg / an apple / an orange / an eraser / an answer/
an id card / an alarm clock / an actor / an actress / an e-mail /
an address / an event / an example / an opera /
an houran old man / an interesting book / an exciting sport /
an action movie / an art lesson /
(2)定冠词:the the egg the plane
定冠词的用法:
特指某(些)人或某(些)物:the ruler is on the desk.
复述上文说到的人或物:he has a sweater. the sweater is new.
说话两边都晓得的人或物:the boys aren’t at school.
在序数词前:john’s birthday is february the second.
用于固定词组中:in the morning / afternoon / evening
不必冠词的情况:
专有名词前:china is a big country.
名词前有定语:this , that , my , your , some, any , no 等: this is my baseball.
复数名词标明一类人和事:ms can’t swim. they are teachers.
在节日,日期,月份,时节前:today is christmas day. it’s sunday.
一日三餐前:we have breakfast at 6:30.
球类 棋类运动前:they often play football after class. he plays chess at home. * 但乐器前要用定冠词:i play the guitar very well.
学科称号前:my favorite subject is music.
在称号或头衔的名词前:this is mr li.
固定词组中:at noon at night by bus
3代词、描述词、副词
1.代词:人称代词,物主代词
第一
人称奇数i(我)memy(我的)
复数we(咱们)usour(咱们的)
第二
人称奇数you(你)youyour(你的)
复数you(你们)youyour(你们的)
第三
人称奇数he(他)himhis(他的)
she(她)herher(她的)
it(它)itits(它的)
复数they(他们/她们/它们)themtheir(他们的/她们的/它们的)
2.描述词,副词:比照级,最高档
(一)、描述词的比照级
1、描述词比照级在语句中的运用:两个事物或人的比照用比照级,比照级后边一般带有单词than。比照级前面可以用more, a little来润饰标明程度。than后的人称代词用主格(口语中可用宾格)。
2.描述词加er的规则:
一般在词尾加er ; 以字母e 结束,加r ; 以一个元音字母和一个子音字母结束,应双写结束的子音字母,再加er ; 以“子音字母+y”结束,先把y变i,再加er 。
3.不规则描述词比照级:
good-better, beautiful-more beautiful
(二)副词的比照级
1.描述词与副词的差异(有be用形,有形用be;有动用副,有副用动)
⑴在语句中描述词一般处于名词之前或be动词之后
⑵副词在语句中最多见的是处于实义动词之后
2.副词比照级的改变规则根柢与描述词比照级相同(不规则改变:well-better, far-farther)
4数词:基数词、序数词
(1)1-20
one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve,thirteen,fourteen,fifteen, sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen,twenty
(2)21-99 先说“几十”,再说“几”,中心加连字符。
23→twenty-three,34→thirty-four,45→forty—five,56→fifty-six,67→sixty-seven,78→seventy-eight,89→eighty-nine,91→ninety-one
(3)101—999先说“几百”,再加and,再加末两位数或末位数;
586→five hundred and eighty-six,
803→eight hundred and three
(4)l,000以上,先从右往左数,每三位数加一个“,”,第一个“,”前为thousand.第二个“,”前为million,第三个“,”前为billion
1,001→one thousand and one
18,423→eighteen thousand,four hundred and twenty-three
6,260,309→six million two hundred and sixty thousand three hundred and nine
750,000,000,000→seven hundred and fifty billion
序数词
(1)一般在基数词后加th
eg.four→fourth,thirteen→thirteenth
(2)不规则改变
one→first,two→second,three→third,five→fifth,eight→eighth,nine→ninth,twelve—twelfth
(3)以y结束的十位整数,变y为ie再
加th
twenty→twentieth, forty→fortieth, ninety→ninetieth
(4)从二十一后的“几十几”直至“几百几十几”或“几千几百几十几”只将个位的基数词变为序数词。
twenty-first,two hundred and forty-fifth
基变序,有规则,词尾加上-th.
一,二,三,特别记,词尾字母t,d,d.
8去t,九去e, ve要用f替。
ty将y变成i,th前面有个e.
5介词:常用介词:in, on, at, behind等
1.at标明时刻概念的某一个点。(在某时刻、时刻、期间等)。
at 1:00(dawn,midnight,noon)在一点钟(拂晓、午夜、正午)
2.on
1)标明具体日期。
注:(1)关于”在周末”的几种标明法:
at(on)the weekend在周末—特指
at(on)weekends在周末—泛指
over the weekend在整个周末
during the weekend在周晚时刻 (2)在圣诞节,应说at christmas?而不说on christmas?
2)在(刚……)的时分。
on reaching the city he called up his parents.
3.in
1)标明”时段”、”时期”,在大都情况下可以和during交换,前者偏重比照,后者偏重持续。
in(during)1988(december,the 20th century)
在一九88年(十二月、二十世纪)
6动词:动词的四种时态:
(1)一般如今时:
1. be动词:主语+be(am, is, are)+其它。如:i am a boy. 我是一个男孩。
2. 行为动词:主语+行为动词(+其它)。如:we study english. 咱们学习英语。
当主语为第三人称奇数(he, she, it)时,要在动词后加”-s”或”-es”。如:mary likes chinese.玛丽喜爱汉语。
动词+s的改变规则
1.一般情况下,直接加-s,如:cook-cooks, milk-milks
2.以s. x. sh. ch. o结束,加-es,如:guess-guesses, wash-washes, watch-watches, go-goes
3.以“子音字母+y”结束,变y为i, 再加-es,如:study-studies
(2)一般曩昔时:
动词曩昔式详解 动词的曩昔式的构陈规则有:
a、规则动词
① 一般直接在动词的后边加ed:如 worked , learned , cleaned , visited
② 以e结束的动词直接加d:如 lived , danced , used
③ 以子音字母加y结束的动词要改y为i再加ed(此类动词较少)如 study – studied carry – carried worry – worried (留心play、stay不是子音字母加y,所以不归于此类)
④ 双写最终一个字母(此类动词较少)如 stopped
b、不规则动词(此类词并无规则,须熟记)
sing – sang , eat – ate ,see – saw , have – had ,
do – did ,go – went , take – took , buy – bought ,
get – got , read – read ,fly – flew , am/is – was ,
are – were , say – said , leave – left , swim – swam ,
tell – told , draw – drew ,come – came , lose – lost ,
find – found , drink – drank ,hurt – hurt , feel – felt
(3)一般将来时:
①be going to + do;
②will+ do. be going to = will
i am going to go swimming tomorrow(明日). = i will go swimming tomorrow.
(4)如今进行时: am,is,are+动词如今分词
动词如今分词详解 动词的ing方法的构陈规则:
① 一般的直接在后边加上ing , 如doing , going , working , singing , eating
② 以e 结束的动词,要先去e再加ing ,如having , writing
③ 双写最终一个字母的(此类动词很少)有:running , swimming , sitting , getting
第三有些:句法
1陈述句
(1)必定句:是指用必定的口气来陈述的语句,如:
i’m a student. she is a doctor. he works in a hospital.
there are four fans in our classroom. he will eat lunch at 12:00. i watched tv yesterday evening.
(2)、否定句:富含否定词或标明否定意义词的语句,如:
i’m not a student. she is not (isn’t) a doctor.
he does not (doesn’t) work in a hospital. there are not (aren’t) four fans in our classroom.
he will not (won’t) eat lunch at 12:00. i did not (didn’t) watch tv yesterday evening.
2疑问句
一般疑问句:是指问询实际的语句,此类语句有必要用“yes”,或“no”来答复。
特别疑问句:以特别疑问词(what , where , who , which , when , whose , why , how等)最初引导的语句。此类语句大约问啥就答啥,不能用“yes 、no”来答复。
3there be句型
there be 句型与have, has的差异:
1、there be 句型标明:在某地有某物(或人)
2、在there be 句型中,主语是奇数,be 动词用is ; 主语是复数,be 动词用are ; 如有几件物品,be 动词根据最*近be 动词的那个名词抉择。
3、there be 句型的否定句在be 动词后加not , 一般疑问句把be 动词调到句首。
4、there be句型与have(has) 的差异:there be 标明在某地有某物(或人);have(has) 标明或人具有某物。
5、some 和any 在there be 句型中的运用:some 用于必定句, any 用于否定句或疑问句。
6、and 和or 在there be句型中的运用:and 用于必定句, or 用于否定句或疑问句。
7、关于数量发问的特别疑问句的根柢规划是: how many + 名词复数 + are there + 介词短语? how much + 不可以数名词 + is there + 介词短语?
8、关于主语发问的特别疑问句的根柢规划是: what’s + 介词短语?
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