infinitives 不定式（表示目的）：

1 动词+to+不定式

2 疑问词（question words）+to+不定式

3 动词+宾语（objects）+to+不定式

I want(谓语动词）a gift（宾语）

i want to buy（第二个动词为不定式）a gift

常用后接不定式的动词：Decide.Learn.want.hope/wish. Refuse. Manage.would like. Pretend. Offer. Promise. Choose.plan.agree. Ask. Help

I haven’t decided where to go/what to do/how to do…/which to choose/where to go..

We（主） want（谓） them（宾） to help me.–不定式做宾语补足语

接不定式不带to的动词（四看三使二听一感觉：look at, see,watch, notice.let. Make.have.hear. Listen to. Feel. 例：i hear him sing every night / let him go/mum made me go to bed early.

Cindy used a brush to painta picture of a park.–不定式作目的状语。

冠词 the

There is a big tree in front ofthe classroom(无法确定的前面-树在教室外）./there is a big desk in the front ofthe classroom.（能确定的前面-桌子在教室内）

用法：1 特指：the photo was of her grandpa. 2.上文出现，下文再次提到: there was an accident on the road. Two men were hurt in the accident. 3双方共知的turn down the radio, please. The baby is sleeping. 4独一无二的: the sun is shinning brightly.

乐器名词前必须用定冠词，体育运动名词前不用冠词。Play the piano/ play basketball.

用在受介词短语修饰的名词前wash your hands when you touch the food on the table/ keep the taps in the bathroom clean.

名词后如有介词短语加以限制，则具有特指意义，此时须用冠词：the pencil on the table is short…

发音规律：在辅音音素前，读e? the United States the useful book. 在元音音素前读ei the umbrella the old doctor the honest man.

Some和any的用法：are there any tomatoes? There are some tomatoes. Is there any cheese? There isn’t any cheese. Is there any chicken? There is some chicken. Some onions/ a onion, wood木材不可数 woods森林，

名词Nouns

可数名词的复数形式：

一般情况加-s： school-schools; elephant-elepants

以-s,-x,-ch,-sh结尾：box-boxes; watch-watches.

辅音字母以y结尾： bluberry-blueberries;

以o结尾：规律1：完整的名词以“辅音+O”结尾，后面加-es => echo-echoes回声 potato-potatoes 规律2：完整的名词以“元音+O”结尾，后面要加s => radio-radios收音机 kangaroo-kangaroos袋鼠 底层逻辑：关乎发音问题（自然拼读）名词变复数不管后面加什么，不管读s，z还是iz，在原单词基础上加上尾缀，实际上原单词发音基本上不变。如果土豆potato+s的话，potatos后面的tos中的o在2个非重读音节t，s的中间，这种情况下，o是不能发出其原来的音??的，只能发?，这样就违背了原单词发音不变的原则，为了解决这个问题那么万能的e就出来了，如果加上es就是potatoes，oe这个发音本身就是??，不受弱化发音的影响。而规律1的情况原单词结尾本身就含有元音的字母组合后面直接加s也不会导致发生音变如radio和kangaroo。规律3： 非完整的单词复数（外来词，缩写词等）如photos（原词是photographs），pianos（原词是pianofortes）

以f（e）结尾：变v+es => thief- thieves； wife-wives

不规则变化： man-men，foot-feet，child-children，mouse-mice， german-germans，单复数同形：chiness，japanese。

常以复数形式出现：clothes, trousers,shoes,noodles, 表强调do，if you have a job,do devote yourself to it and finally you’ll succeed. Keep one’s eyes open密切注意，留心观察，

This pair of shoes isred.

集体名词 people，police；

How many people are there in your family?

不可数名词：air, earth,water,pollution,food,advice不能用不定冠词a/an修饰 a cup of flour/two spoons of sugar/ some syrup/ a glass of milk.

专有名词 proper name: the coronavirus

名词所有格：加s或 ’s, children’s/ teachers’/lucy and lily’s mother(lucy和lily共同的母亲是一个单数）/lucy’s and lily’s mother(lucy和lily各自的母亲是2个母亲复数）

代词：

人称代词：主格i，we，you，he，she，it，they，宾格me，us，you，him，her，it，them； 物主代词：形容词性物主代词 my，our，your，his，her，its，their；名词性物主代词 mine，ours，yours，his，hers，its，theirs；

反身代词：myself，ourselves，yourself，yourselves，himself，herself，itself，themselves。

The other特指两个或两部分中的另一个或另一部分，可接单数或者复数名词，表示两个中“一个……另一个……”，常用结构式为：one…the other…

1.He has two brothers,one is a teacher, the other is a docter.

2.There are 48 students in our class,some work hard,but the other students don’t.

The others特指某一范围内的“其他的（人或物）”相当于the other+名词复数，指剩余的全部。

There are 48 students in our class,some work hard,but the others don’t.

我们班有48个学生，一些学习努力，其余的不努力。

Other“其他的，另外的”位于名词前做定语。

We learn chinese,English,math and other subjects.

Others相当于other+名词复数,指剩余的另一些，并非全部。

1.Some students are doing homework,but others are talking loudly.

2.A lot of people are in the park, some are singing,others are dancing.

Another泛指同类事物中三者或三者以上中“另一个”，只能代替或修饰单数可数名词。

I don’t like this one,please show me another.注意：another+名词单数=one more+名词单数

another+数词+名词复数=数词+more/other+名词复数

1.I want to have another apple =I want to have one more apple.

2.We need another ten chairs=We need ten more/other chairs.

It is important to do…—it是形式主语。

动词语态

No nets are requiredfor this type of fishing/each picture should be made a little different from the one before it–被动语态(the passive voice) Be+P.P 用原因1 强调，2礼貌 3 引用信息（it is reported…) 不能变被动的情况a 不及物动词或不及物动词短语 b 有些及物动词如have，belong to，fit，hold，last，cost） c 系动词look,smell,sound,feel,taste d主动表被动 write,sell,wash,wear,lock和副词连用时就已经就是带被动意义，如the books sell well书卖的很好就可以表示书被卖的很好了，不需要转被动语态。

主谓一致：可单可复有8类，集体名词一大类，看整用单个体复；不定代词疑问词，部分，半数及剩余，该单该复看含义； the加分词形容词，指人一定是复数，若是抽象仍用单； one of引导定从句，若有the only在前头，从句指的是单一； 人口数目和比例，大多，种类作主语，分数，百分数是单是复看含义。 90% of cattle are to be transferred…

一般现在时：am/is/are + PP 一般过去时：was/were + PP 一般将来时： will be + pp

情态动词被动：情态动词+be+pp 现在完成: have/has + been+pp 现在进行时：am/is/are +being+PP

不及物动词，连系动词没有被动（此类动词无动作承受者） SARS took placein 2003/ it seems impossible to the foreigners 常见连系动词：feel. Look. Taste.sound.smell.

主动中省略to的不定式(make,have,let,see,hear)，在被动中要还原to：we saw the workers build the hospital…=>the workers were seen to build the hospital…

短语中的介词不能漏=> the doctors and nurses have taken good care of the patients/ the patients have been taken good care of by the doctors and nurses.(of和by分属于不同的意群）/ people all over the world are praying for china/ xiaoming is unhappy,because heis laughed at very oftern.

专有名词：以大写字母开始 USA,Mouse，New York.

conjunctions连词：and并列关系相当于“also”，but但是,so因此…

It：形式主语empty subject. 表示时间，季节，天气，距离，温度…

ittook a long time to build the house(it=to build the house)

it seems/appears that…a typhoon is coming/the flight has been cancelled/something bad has happend to her…

It seemed that they did not want to leave过去式

动名词gerunds： V+ing， actions和activities。

Go-ing shopping/Listen-ing Music/ pat-ting,run-ning重读闭音节的动词双写最后一个字母+ing

I like Staying home/i like being at home/ i like being me/

Finish doing/mind doing /suggest doing/enjoy doing/imagine doing/practise doing

动词放在介词后要使用动名词形式：i am fond of playing chess宾语

Be interested in/be good at/ keep on/think of/be tired of/look forward to/be used to/ give up..

作主语时 谓语用单数：wearing masks is necessary/cleaning desk helps a lot

Adverbial clause状语从句

通常用来表示时间，原因，方式，结果，条件等…

condition条件状语从句

Time 时间状语从句

Comparison 比较状语从句

Reason 原因状语从句

Concession 让步状语从句—表达一种相反或出乎意料的结果

Result 结果状语从句

Purpose 目的状语从句

Linking words： Becuase as…as… although such…that… when if so that

通常情况 主从句时态要一致:

Grandma was sleeping when she opened one little eye and said,”now you heard what your mother said.”

主将从现在时间状语：

He will write to youas soon ashe arrives in beijing.

主将从现在条件状语：

If you walk alongthe Bund, you will see many old buildings.

主现从现：必然发生的的结果,科学的，必然的，客观的，

If you put salt into water, it disappears

So(修饰形容词、副词）…that

He worked so hard thatin a few years he built a great fleet of ships

Such（修饰名词）…that

His voyages were sucha huge achievement that people still remember him as a pioneer.

When 引导持续性/短暂性动词open,close,go,come,start,leave,return…

When polo finally returned to Venice,there was a war

while引导持续性动词

While they are ill, they often say they are”under the weather”.

Attributive clause定语从句

功能：使句意清楚连贯，使描述更加生动明确具体

概念：相当于形容词，使修饰名词和代词的从句

She is a beautiful girl.—beautiful修饰名词girl作定语

当单个形容词不足以表达要修饰的某个词的时候就考虑用定语从句表达

A man（先行词） <– who（关系词） doesn’t try to learn from otherscan’t hope to achieve much限制性定语从句（如果去掉黄色部分，那么整个句子的句意就不明确了，先行词是单个的名词或代词，）his brother who works in beijing will come to see him tomorrow(说明他不止一个哥哥，有在北京工作的，也可能有在其他城市工作的）

After chipping through a wall, which was eighteen inches thick,they found a man trapped in the chimney.非限制性定语从句（可以是单个名词或代词，也可能是整句话,） 和限制性定语从句的区别 1非限制性定语从句和先行词用逗号隔开 2限制性定从和主句关系密切，是先行词意义上不可缺少的部分，去掉句意不完整；非限制性定从对先行词作附加和补充说明，去掉句意仍完整；3非限制性，先行词既可以是名词或代词，也可以是整句话；4非限制性关系词不用that，用who/which，不用whom代替who，作宾语时引导词不可省略 限制性可用that，不用who代替whom，作宾语时引导词可以省略

His brother,who works in beijing,will come to see him tomorrow.(说明他只有一个哥哥）

We’ll graduate in July,when(指july )we will be free.

Last Sunday they reached Nanjing, where(指nanjing )a conference was to be held.

as引导非限制性定从，翻译“正如”，as is known to all/as we all know/as is mentioned above/as is reported/as is expected/as has been pointe out/as is often the case像往常那样。

As has been announced, we shall have our final exam next week = we shall have our final exam next week, as has been announced.（as引导的定从可以放前也可以放后面which引导的则不行）

Ps：that不能引导非限定性从句！！！

关系代词

Which

That

Who

Whom

Whose

修饰

物

人/物

人

人

人/物

成分（从句）

主/宾；指代前句

主/宾

主/宾

宾语

定语

省略

在从句中作宾语时可以省略

关系副词

When

Where

Why

修饰

表时间的名词

表地点的名词

Reason

成分（从句）

在从句中作状语，从句不能缺主语或宾语

省略

不可省略

I will never forget the day when(on which) i first went to school.

I will never forget the day which(that) we spent in beijing.

The house which/that we visitedis being repaired now.

The house where(in which) Luxun once livedis beijing repaired now.

This is the reason why(for which) he came late

I don’t believe the reason that/which（可省略因为在explained后作宾语） he explained to us.

Do you like the book whose cover is yellow? == Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow?

These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected / i want to buy the same book as you bought.

China today attracts a worldwide readership,<=>which指代前句shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about china.

什么时候选择关系代词that?:1,先行词是不定代词时如everything,anything等==>have you taken down everything that Mr.Li said? ；2，先行词被all/any/every/no/some/little/few/much/，the only/the very/the same/the last/序数词/adj/最高级修饰时=>please send us all the information that you have about… 3，先行词既有人又有物时；4以which，who开头的特殊疑问句中的定于从句

插入语（think，suppose，believe，say）挡道时把插入语拿掉再来选择决定关系代词he often helps the students who he thinks are not quick at their students. Is this the factory..和is this factory句型难点分析：

is this the factory that we visited last year?还原成this is the factory that /which/省略we visited last year

is this factory that /which/省略we visited last year? 还原成This factory is (the factory) that /which/省略we visited last year 或者 this factory is the one/the one that/the one whichwe visited last year.

This is the watch which i am looking for 不能改成 this is the watch for which i am looking

The babies whom/that the nurse is looking after are very healthy.

Half/each/both/some/most/all + of which/whom => i bought many books,half of which are about english learning. / he loves his parents deeply,both of whom/and both of themare very kind to him

However,the next king of Prussia,Frederic William,to whom the amber room belonged,decided not to keep it. belong没有进行时和被动语态。

My class is a big family. It consists of 20 girls and 25 boys. Most of them are local cantonese

My class is a big family which consists of 20 girls and 25 boys.

My class is a big family of 20 girls and 25 boys, most of whomare local cantonese.

Cathy was dressed in a white suit. She looked elegant and beautiful. => Cathy, dressed in a white suit(或who was dressed in a white suit), looked elegant and beautiful.也可考虑用非谓语–> dressed in a white suit, cathy looked elegant and beautiful.

He lived in London for three months,during which timehe learned some english.

Our english teacher,with whose help we have made great progress in english,has come…

She may have missed the train,in which caseshe won’t arrive for another hour == she may have missed the train,and in that caseshe won’t..

表示情况，方面，处境，阶段的含义作先行词常用where引导case/condition/situation/position/stage/degree等， care for，deal with，get through，hear from/of，look for/after，send for，send to不能在定语从句中拆分的

subject clauses主语从句

Noun clauses名词性从句，在句子中起名词作用

分类：主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句。

引导词：从属连词that,whether,if…连接代词who,that,which,whom,whose…连接副词when,where,why,how…

语序word order: 陈述句语序（主语在前，谓语在后）

时态tense:主过从过，主将/现将从具体，从真现在。

Iam a teacher.

A teacheris a person whose job is teaching.

Teaching can be very fulfilling.

To be a good teacheris my dream.

What my english teacher taught meinfluences me a lot.

That my english enjoy learning englishmade me proud.

That you are recovering is the best news i’ve heard these days.

That he has disappeared worries his parents.

(that引导主语从句只能起引导作用，无实际意义，在从句中补充当任何成分，但不能省略）

当that引导的主语从句较长时多置于句子的后面，用it做形式主语放在句首。

It is + 名词n + that…(it is a pity/shame/suprise/fact/common knowledge that…)

It is +形容词adj +that…(it is certain/possible/obvious/strange/important/natural that…)

It + be + 过去分词+that…(it is said/reported/believed/suggested/known(to all) that…)

It + 不及物动词 + that…(it seems/appears/happened/occurred to me that…)

That he will refuse this valuable chance is impossible.====> It is impossible that he will refuse this valuable chance.(形式主语相当于that后面那句话）

If(放句首时只能用wehther…or not不能用if）mary had heard him was doubtful. 错误

Itwas doubtful if mary had heard him. 正确

It was doubtfulif or not(if和not不能连用只能用whether…or not)mary had heard him. 错误

It was doubtful if mary had heard him or not. 正确

Whether this problem can be settled or not remains to be seen.

It remains to be seen whether/ifthis problem can be settled or not.

It remains to be seen whether or notthis problem can be settled.

连接代词，连接副词在从句中充当成分，不可省略，从句缺什么就用什么引导词：

When she will be back is still a question.

Whose fault it is doesn’t matter at all.

+ever 构成合成词引导主语从句，起到强调作用，意为“无论”，此类主语从句不能用it形式主语引导，而引导词在从句中充当成分，不能省略

Whoever says that is a liar.

Whomever you choose to believe has nothing to do with me.

Wh+ever既能引导名词性从句，又可以引导状语从句，但“no matter wh-”只能引导状语从句。

Whoever breaks the law should be punished.—主语从句只能用whoever

Whoever(=no matter who )you are,you must follow the rules.—状语从句用whoever或no matter who都可以。

主语从句的规律改错：

When he willcome is not known.– 主语从句用陈述语序。

That prices will go up iscertain.—从句作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式

What he saw are thestarsin the sky– 可根据表语决定谓语动词用单数还是复数。

What it was to becomewas uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago when the dust settled into a solid globe.???

Passive voice被动语态

主动语态告诉我们谁做了什么，被动语态常常不告诉我们谁做了什么，

The cat ate the fish==> the fish was eaten by the cat.

I am seen/ you are seen/they are seen 现在被动

I was seen/ you were seen/they were seen/过去被动

I will be seen/you are not seen/they are not seen/将来被动。Will be seen= going to be seen

+情态动词：can/should/must/shall/should/ be seen

现在完成时被动语态：have/has been done

现在进行时present progressive tense

Be + V-ing

1，表示说话时动作正在进行（最常考）

2，瞬间动词的进行时表示计划，安排将要做 => i’ve won a holiday for two days to Florida. I am taking带着my mum.

3，反复出现或习惯性动作，赞赏，厌恶，遗憾，常与 always，continually，constantly连用 => he is always thinking of others first.

4，表去向的动词用于进行时表将来(go,come,leave,start,arrive,travel,fly) => i’m leaving for Guangzhou next week.

5，被动语态： be + being +现在分词

Wait： waiting fight: fighting—一般情况直接加 Drive: driving save: saving—–以e结尾去e加

Sit: sitting run: running—-夹心饼干双写加 Lie: lying tie: tying——it结尾改y加

肯定句：i’m driving around in my car 否定句： i’m not driving around in my car

一般疑问句：are you driving around in your car? 肯定回答： yes, i am. 否定回答：no, i’m not

特殊疑问句：what are you doing now?

相同+不同比较

1, The same + nouns/phrases + as 2, as + adj./adv.+as

Tom is the same height as mark. / Tom is as tall as mark. / This car travels at the same speed as that car. / This car travels as fast as that car.

一般现在时 simple present tense

一般即默认的，并没有特别指出的动作状态，没有状态限制也没有时间限制

I eat carrots carrot+s表示胡罗卜这种食物，我吃胡萝卜，吃胡罗卜这种食物的，表达一种习惯和事实陈述

1，表达事实I eat a carrot 语法上是没有问题的， 这句话很怪 i go to lunch也很不对，好像缺少了某些信息 ，于是就会和你确认 do you mean you’re going for lunch now? I eat a carrot now，now很少和一般现在时同时使用，而经常和现在进行时态使用，法国和德国人也一样会犯错，法语 je mangea/managerais/mange des carottes他们的一般现在时态往往是可以表达进行时态的。

2，表达习惯/重复的动作 i play basketball(我有这个习惯）

3，表示预计发生的事 the bus leaves at 8 PM tonight/every day 公车今晚8点离站

现在完成时态 present perfect tense

台湾腔 你知道吗？胡罗卜超好吃欸，你有吃过吗？真的假的？我有吃过很多胡罗卜欸（这里的有就受到英语时态的影响）表示动作对现在造成的影响 i have been to USA说话人去过了上海现在人已经不在上海了

现在完成进行时态 present perfect progressive tense

现在完成+现在进行时== have变位+been+V-ing

I have been thinking of you(到现在为止已经想你一段时间了，还要再继续想一段时间）

一般将来时

will to do/ be going to do

辨析 Will/be going to/be to do /

be about to

I’ll go to visit him tomorrow主观 it is going to rain根据迹象认为要发生的事情 <=> i’m going to go shopping next Sunday.事先经过考虑的打算，意图。 we are to meet at the school gate(按计划或安排即将发生的动作） i was about to 正要，马上leve when the telephone rang.

被动语态: 注意a短语动词变被动时介词，副词不能漏 b不能变被动的情况 c主谓一致，倒装句

will/shall be done/ be going to be done/be to be done/be about to be done/

The workerswill get paidbefore the end of Dec / we will ask him to help you=> he will be asked to help you

初中英语语法

an 放在元音因素开头的单词前面 the在元音因素开头的词前发zi的音 in the evening
a set of 跟复数 a pair of trousers 一条裤子two pairs of trousers两条裤子 a glass of juice 一杯果汁 two glasses of juice some可数和不可数名词都可以修饰 birds in the tree 外来的 apple on the tree长出来的 at table在就餐 at the table在桌子旁 orange橘子可数，橘汁不可数 glass杯子可数，玻璃不可数 room房间可数，空间不可数 on the bed在床上 in bed睡觉 主系表 表感官sound smell taste

feel the food smells terrible 表变化 turn become get go come the food went bad 弹西洋乐器play the piano 其他不用the eat well不能用have well， have/take medicine no修饰可数名词单数－not a，修饰不可数和可数名词－not any， food泛指食物是不可数，表食物种类是可数 milk is a good food,三餐前不加冠词，chicken小鸡是可数 鸡肉时不可数，fruit水果总类不可数，水果种类是可数，for＋某餐＋sb like固定句式 for lunch i like eating ，on sale 促销，正销售，for sale待售 at a good price 商店－shop英国 规模小 store美国规模大，clothes只有复数形式 many修饰，in表穿戴时＋颜色，衣服，辫子，帽子，眼镜 i will take it 买，拿，get，you are welcome回答感谢 That's all right回应抱歉等

介词： in泛指年月季节和周 on是具体的某个早中晚，have/hold a party，take/make a trip，a round trip往返旅程，because of跟名词 动名词，代词引导状语从句，hour还可指不确定的某一时间和时刻 at this late hour在这么晚的时候，还可指固定的时刻 office hours are from 7am to 6pm，subject有学科的意思 who are you waiting for=whom are you waiting for ，whom是who的宾格，study English on通过 the radio，two sets套 of books，over是不接触的正上方反义是under，

越过较高的物体，从一侧到另一侧，above是不接触的上方不一定是正上方，反义是below，bread 不可数 ，three thousand不加s，thousands of成千上万要加s，hundred也一样，3+2=5three and two is five,减用minus，乘用multiply，除divide，序数词 twentieth，fortieth，thirteenth，hundredth，twenty fourth，draw－drew－drawn素描，be good at=do well in， tell story，tell sb sth，tell sb to do sth，say this word， speak a little Chinese，be good with对什么有办法，善于应付什么的，be good to 对xx友好，call sb at+电话号码，get dressed表穿衣服的动作 he can get dressed，be dressed in表穿着的状态，early同时具有adj和adv的用法，two pieces of work两份工作，exercise可数时作练习，习题，体操，不可数时作运动，锻炼，sometimes有时，some times一些次数，sometime某个时候，some time 一段时间，具体时间几点几分只能用what time提问不能用when，年月日期时只能用when ，take the subway地铁，he sometimes takes a bus,every day每一天名词性短语作状语 everyday形容词，每天i study everyday English every day,what do you think of = how do you like你认为xx怎么样？ one 11-year old， a four-day trip, be afraid to do/doing后者强调害怕做某事产生的后果be afraidthat…beafraid of sth，look like指外貌，be like既指外貌也指性格，离开某地 leave+地点，动身去某地 leave for，dream of/about梦想…，arrive in大地方/at小地方，listen to music，be honest rather clever诚实比聪明更要紧， dress sb给xx穿衣服，put on 穿的动作，wear穿的状态，practice my English 跟名词和practice playing violin跟动名词 ，它本身也可作名词，too many people， too much homework，much too fat太胖，many/much-more-most，i can't relex either（too用于疑问和肯定句不能用于否定句）feel感受：how do you feel about all these changes. 摸起来-系动词(用法和sound,smell等一样） the silk feels very soft. Be strict with sb对某人要求严格，be strict in sth对某事要求严格。 remember to do记得要去做（未做），remember doing sth记得做过(已做）。 keep + 宾语+形容词，副词，现在分词，介词短语，have to客观的不得不，must主观的不得不。 must i stay here after school? Yes, you must. No,you needn’t/you don’t have to. Mustn’t表示禁止， don't have to表示不必， let's do sth 肯定回答 OK/SURE/All right/ good idea 否定回答 no,let’s/sorry,i… 表示提建议的句型：shall we do..? why don’t you do…? why not do…? what/how about doing…? let’s do…/ would you like to do …? kind of = a little/a bit/a little bit all kinds of flower各种各样的 different kinds of animals不同种类的, she sleeps all day(whole day) , friendly是形容词… to对xx友好。 how are you getting along with your new classmates? Get lost = be lost = lose one’s way in+名词构成的短语：in need, in trouble,in fact,in deed(确实，实在）cut down trees. Be made of由xx制成可见原材料the desk made of wood be made from看不见原材料salt is made from sea water. newspaper是可数名词，news是不可数名词，paper纸张不可数，paper试卷论文是可数， washing the dishes= do the dishes, do the washing洗衣服, drink一般为不可数，如果是饮料种类或份数时 为可数名词，drink tea不可数， wish sb to do sth i wish to visit sanya, i wish you to go, wish sb sth祝愿某人某事, wish+ that从句表示难以实现的愿望, hope to do sth, hope +that从句可以实现的愿望。 any other 任何别的，任何其他的 tom runs faster than any other boy(单数） in his class， any other+单数= the other+复数。Other 另外的常与复数名词和不可数名词使用other teachers,other information. Others=other+复数名词（不是全部） the others= the other+复数名词（全部其余的人或物）some of the pens are red, the others are black只有红色和黑色; some of the pens are green,others are blue除了绿色和蓝色可能还有其他颜色。another另一个 泛指众多中的一个，i got two pens: one is red, the other is green; i got 3 pens,one is red,another is white, and the third is green.

现在进行时:重读闭音节辅音结尾动词双写辅音字母+ing，putting，以不发音的字母结尾去掉字母+ing-making，以ie结尾的重读开音节单词变ie为y+ing dying，tying，lying，there is rain=it is raining=it is rainy，fine weather晴天，take a message捎口信，could i 开头的句子回答用，yes，you can，dry使干燥，don't crydry.youreyes, vi，变干vt，the wet will dry,have a good time/fun/enjoy(in)doing sth, on(a)vacation,they are on a vacation, they go on a vacation ,现在进行时表将来，按计划或安排将要发生的动作-go, come,start,leave,arrive，he is leaving guangzhou tomorrow.和always连用表达某种感情色彩,赞扬，不满，厌烦，he is always helping others,he is always losing his key,感官动词没有进行时态see，hear，sound，taste，表感情，态度，心理状态的动词没有进行时态like，want，believe，hope，love，hate，副词和介词across和go搭配使用，across from在xx对面，相当于on the other side 或opposite，cross=go across ，get across the river； 花费 sb人 spend in doing，cost前面是sth物，it takes sb some time to do，often用法一般用一般现在时，he often helps others，there be后面用两个以上主语时be动词单复数形式以最近的主语来变，there is a Apple and two pears，there is some money，there are some living things in that planet， there are a lots of sheep，高tall指人或建筑物，high指抽象的空间位置和程度的高，山，may be作谓语，maybe作状语，she may be a teacher,maybe she is a teacher, 修饰可数名词 肯定用 a few/few，修饰不可数用a little/little,she has a few.friends,she has few friends, a pair of glasses is there，medium build指身高，what size would you like 询问尺码 ，the number of 可数名词复数但谓语用单数is， a number of+可数名词复数但谓语用复数are，都表示许多xx， blow it out in/at one go一口气吹完，be popular with受到xx欢迎，would you like some coffee？yes please/no，thanks，would you like to go with me？yes i would like或 love/i would like或love to but i am busy，im afraid not，are there any……？肯定回答是yes there some……，否定回答是no there isn't any……都可修饰可数和不可数名词，milked a cow挤奶，worry作vi时要搭配about，don't worry about him=don't be worried about him，hear强调听到了结果，hear sb do听到某人做了，hear sb doing 听到某人正在做，一般过去时，过去发生或过去经常习惯性地发生， 以辅音字母+y结尾的动词改y为i+ed，单复同形fish，sheep，deer，Chinese，japanese，对xx厌烦 be tired of…,熬夜 stay up late，

八年级英语
quite a few 不少，相当多，修饰可数名词，quite a little修饰不可数， seems to be/seemed to be/seemed that…似乎，好像，看来，try doing尝试做某事，try to do是尽力做某事 different from,不同，difference between差异，anything用于否定句和疑问句，something用于肯定句和表示邀请和请求的语句中，would you like something to drink，hardly ever几乎没有，从来没有，ever，曾经，从来，how often do you watch tv? twice a week/once询问次数和频率，how soon 多久以后询问， maybe he is ill,so he may be at home, but比however语气更强烈，but不需要逗号直接引导分句，though=although不能和but连用，i can both speakand.writechinese well / both of the movies are good, 赢得第一win first place. my mother told me a good friend is like a mirror真理格言现在时， make sb do动词原形，可理解为省略to的不定式， 主将从现，主情从现，reach for sth伸手够某物，the weather is becoming hoter and hoter ， the taller of the two students，两个中较高的那个学生，

Play a role in doing… the story is made up编造，make oneself up给某人化妆，make up the medicine组成，make up for弥补，be made into被制成… be made up of=consist of(无被动和进行时），be composed of， take… seriously重视，认真对待， mind doing..介意… would you mind (my) opening the window?肯定回答certainly not/not at all/ 否定回答i wish you wouldn’t， hope to do sth/hope + that从句， i hope/wish to see you tomorrow(wish表示明天可能来不了），i wish you to come tomorrow（只有wish有wish sb to do sth的结构）i hope you to come（这是错的），i hope to find out … can't stand waiting any more不能忍受, i can’t stand the hot weather, happen发生 出现（偶然发生），an accident happened yesterday/what happened to you? Take place发生，举行（计划）,take place of 取代，接替，in the first place起初，当初，out of place不协调，不适合，不在合适的位置，happen碰巧 i happened to see him on my way home/ it happened thati saw him on my way home. Be famous for 因..而出名， be famous 作为..而出名， be famous to为…所熟知。 appear on TV/in a film/in a play/ on the stage/ he became mad结果/ the milk went bad不太好的结果/ the leaves turn yellow in autumn颜色，天气/the boy grew stronger and stronger. 表可能：Can无肯定,could,may无疑问,might， he was alwaysready totry his best.

动词不定式作宾语 we decided to visit out grandpa/she wants to buy a new…/they all agreed to gowith him, think/find/ feel +it+形容词+动词不定式 i主find谓 it形式宾语 difficult宾补to do the job well

动名词和不定式的区别：stop doing sth停止做某事 stop to do sth停下来去做另一件事，forget doing sth,forget to do sth, send 邮寄，送，send for 派人去请。 be able to可接各种时态/ can/could。 Promise to do/ promise +that/promise sb sth.make a promise, keep one’s promise, break one’s promise, at the beginning of …在xx开始，in/at the beginning起初， take up a hobby学着做，开始做，占用， take off起飞，脱下，take away拿走，take after长得像，take down 记下，相当于write down， to questioned the idea of making resolution, what’s the meaning of…？What does…mean? What do you mean by…? discuss sth with sb, 一般将来时 be going to（事先计划，主观上将要发生） +动词原形， look at the black clouds,it is going to rain. Play a part in …参与..在..中发挥作用， human区别于动物，person无性别的人，people通常作复数来讲，man(kind) 作人和人类的时候不能加不定冠词a

over and over again一遍又一遍，believe sb相信某人,believe in sb信任某人，agree with/to同意/on sth达成共识，in many different shapes形状，be in good shape,保持身材或状态很好，be out of shape状况不好，fall down倒塌，fall off 从xx掉下来，look for找的过程，find找的结果，will只是现场决定，临时起意，客观上将要发生的，it is going to snow某人主观上判断会下雪，tomorrow will be national holiday，祈使句，and/or+陈述句: work hard,and you will pass the exam, blender搅拌器，put up 张贴，举起，cut up切碎， need i go there? yes,you must, no you neednt/you dont have to, fill,fill with,be filled of= be full of充满， 肯定祈使句 do +动词原形，have a seat please/be + 表语 be kind to yourself，/let+宾语+动词原形，let me help you，否定祈使句，don't let her go，let her not go ，a piece of paper/advice,two pieces of paper/advice纸张，be prepared for/get ready for,take/have a exam, until的不同用法区别we walked and walked 持续走until it was dark/ we didn't begin walk 开始走，点的动作until it was dark， look after= take care of, look out小心，look up 查阅，at the end of在xx末尾, look up to尊敬,look down on/upon看低，look back on回顾， so that以便=in order that引导目的状语从句，surprise at/to do, what good advice you gave me!keep..tooneself,藏秘密，keep doing =go on doing，less和ful都是构成形容词的词缀，advise sb to do/advise doing建议做某事，experience经验是不可数，经历是可数，主情从现，主祈从现，look Forward to doing，听起来像，Iit doesnt sound like you have a fever, see sb doing/do前者指看到整个过程，后者指动作，lie平躺，位于lay，lain，lying， lie说谎lied，lied，lying， lay下蛋 laid，laid，laying，without thinking twice/a second thought/hesitation毫不犹豫，get on/off上下车，hand in 上交，hand out /give out分发,用光，耗尽，hit sb on头，身，鼻子，背，硬部/in脸，嘴，眼软部，have trouble （in）doing，ill只能做表语，sick可以做表语也可作定语， be used to+v ing习惯于xx，be可用get和become代替， be used to do/for被用来xx，used to do 过去常做某事，mean to do打算做，mean doing 意味着，mean that从句，dying垂死的adj， should后直接跟动词原形，用于第一人称主语的提问疑问句，表建议could比can更委婉，volunteer to do， notice注意 sb do sth，notice sb doing sth， alone独自一人，lonely心理和精神上孤独的 care for=look after=take care of， several =a few=some， such a/an 形容词+可数和不可数名词/ such+ 形容词+可数和不可数名词；
so+形容词和副词/ so + 形容词+a和an+单数名词/so + much，many，few，little，不可以修饰不可数名词，on ones own=by oneself， take after= be similar to指性格而非外貌上的像， make it possible for sb to do sth， make no difference to对xx没有影响， had better，使役动词，感官动词后不定式省略to， could you please..?肯定回答 sure，no problem，of cause，certainly，否定回答sorry，i cant， little-less-least， throw down bag，throw at向xx扔去， the minite引导从句，一xx就，主将从现，neither he nor i am like her 主句谓语就近原则， as soon as 一xx就，主从句时态灵活会一致， in order that从句，do ones part in doing 尽某人职责做某事，take care当心，注意，could i……?肯定用OK that should be OK，否定，no，you cant， 表过去的能力 i could sing when i was four years old, allow sb to do/be allowed to do /allow doing， find sb doing sth，look through快速浏览，a good/deal of许多大量 不可数名词，argue with sb about sth，instead，副词，代替，instead of介词短语，whatever引导宾语从句和让步状语从句，offer to do 主动提出做，offer sb sth，mind sb doing介意，compete with和xx竞争，in ones opinion， cut out删除，切下来，停止 continue to do，continue doing，compare with和xx做比较，compare to 把xx比作，why don't you do。sth = why not do sth， what/how。about doing（sth）? lets ……shall we?until肯定是直到xx为止，持续性，否定句中是直到xx才，非 持续性，so that，in order that目的状语从句常跟情态动词，so that表结果时没有情态动词，he begin to study/studying，fell asleep形容词修饰fell强调动作，beat his team by1 :2，try on，remind sb that…，remind sb of sth，remind sb to do ， 后置定语call修饰name，his name called tom, couldn't stop doing， nobody=no one，large，small修饰population，feel free to，touristy适合旅游的，include包含，including包括xx在内，out of conditions健康状况不佳，he succeeded in doing，in the face of challenge，die from死于外部原因，疾病灾害车祸die of，死于内部原因，衰老，abroad只能和from连用，at home and， abroad在国内外，make some progress，encourage sb to do， thousands of不确定的成千上万要＋s，确定的一千人不＋s，a thousand students，sweet memories，检查，审查check，查看观察check out，as for me对我来说，regard as， consider接名词，代词，动名词和从句，since用法， i have known her since 2003/two yeara ago/i was a little girl，现在完成时还常和for连用 i have bought这里不能用buy这个非连续性动词/had the book for 3 years，the film has started错/been on 对for half an hour，borrow-have kept，buy-have had，die-have been dead，leave-have been away，catch a cold-have had，marry-have been married，asleep-have been asleep， by accident=by chance 偶然地，little by little逐渐地，非谓语动词包括动词，过去分词，动名词。 动名词-主语表经常性和习惯性的动作playing football with friends makes tom happy 作表语 the meaning of the word is asking for help 作宾语 do you mind my closing the window? need do 常用于疑问句，条件句，否定句，need to do实义动词，need doing=need to be done实义动词以主动表被动the flower needs watering， aloud常和call，read连用，强调声音不高但也不是窃窃私语，loud强调声音高，speak，talk，laugh连用，have to do ，finish doing sth，be afraid to do，be afraid of sth/doing，be afraid that，正式语言although比较多，省略句中though比较多，everyone is born with the ability to learn，interest in doing对xx很感兴趣，during or after class， 修饰不行代词形容词要置后something interesting，在句子中担当宾语的从句叫宾语从句，从句是陈述句形态，that引导的宾语从句，that不充当任何成分，口语可省略，whether/if引导，不作成分，但口语不可省略， 连接代词who，which，whose等引导的在从句中作相应的主语，不可省略， 连接副词when，how，why引导的不可省略，宾语从句否定转移 i think he cant play guitar错，i don't think he can play guitar对，he doesn't think he can play guitar错，he think he cant play guitar对，i don't believe That's his fault，is it? i don't think Jack looks like his father，does he? 两个条件，主语是第一人称，主句的谓语动词一定是表示think ，suppose，imagine，expect，believe，guess等想，认为意义的动词时，后面从句若是否定意义则转移到主句中，其反义疑问中的人称和时态和从句保持一致。宾语从句的时态-当主句是一般现在时，一般将来时，现在进行时，从句可用所需的任何时态，如果宾语从句表示客观真理则用一般现在时，由并列连词连接的两个或多个that引导的宾语从句只有第一个可以省略，其他保留，he said that the。film is great and。that he wants to see it again。从句套从句时不能省略 iam afraid that if you have lost it，you must pay for it。it做形式宾语时不能省略，we had made clear that we will help them，宾从的主语是this和that或被this that修饰时 he said that this is a joke，当宾从是双宾语中的直接宾语时he told me间接宾语 that this problem is very common直接宾语，当宾语前有插入语时，we hope，onthe contrary，that we can go。只用whether不用if的情况 引导介词后面的宾从时，i am interested in whether he likes English，与or not 连用时let me know whether he has passed the exam or not，与不定式连用i。really don't know whether to refuse or accept 宾从置于句首时whether they can come here on time，we don't care， 后面只能接whether引导的宾从的动词leave，doubt，put，discuss， i doubt。whether he will keep his promise，注意 如果表示如果的意思就只能用if，please tell me if 如果you need help/please tell me whether是否 you need help这个意思表达更清晰。admire sb for sth, in ＋一段时间和将来时连用，wonder about想知道，wonder at对xx感到惊奇，with wonder惊奇的，one…and the other超过两个不要使用，lie behind在…背后，

为了平衡句子结构，倒装句有部分倒装-谓语的部分动词如助动词和情态动词置于主语前，和全部到装-谓语动词全部置于主语前 there comes the bus，up went the rocket， 常见：1,so…that,such…that 2, so+be/助/情,neither+be/助/情 3，only+状语 4，often,always,usually,seldom… 5,no,never,not…not only,by no means… 5,no sooner..than, hardly..when 6, adj. /adv/v/n + as, though, 7,if 虚拟语气,

Only after talking to two students did i discover that having strong motivation is one of the biggest factors in reaching goals.

Only when our identity has been checked will you be allowed in.

完全倒装：1表示方位的副词（there，here，up，down，in等）或时间的副词（now，then等）位于句首，且句子主语是名词不是代词 there comes the bus 2地点的介词短语位于句首且句子是名字而非代词 in front of the house stood a tower。 3 such作为指示代词放句首such were his words 4强调分词的动作，用“分词+be+主语”结构 growing all over the mountain are wild flowers 部分倒装：1 only强调状态放句首，主句用倒装 only by working hard can we succeed. 2表示否定意义的词或短语或搭配（not，never，little，hardly，by no means，at no time，in no case，in no way,seldom）位于句首little did he know that the police were around. 3含否定连词位句首（not only..but also..,no sooner…than…,not until…,) not only do i know her, but also i am her friend. Not until he took off his sunglasses did i recognize him. 4 so/neither/nor放句首,so 与前面的肯定句呼应，neither/nor和前面否定句呼应，结构为so/neither/nor+be动词/情态动词/+主语 she is a teacher，so is he/ I have never been abroad，neither has he。 5含有were，should 或had的虚拟条件句中，可以省略if，把条件句倒装，结构为 were/should/had+主语+其他

punish for因…惩罚，punish with用…惩罚 warn sb against提醒警告堤防，warn about警告，疑问词引导从句做宾语，从句用陈述句，语序为疑问词＋主语＋谓语， i want to know what you ate, 当疑问词部分做从句的主语时，在变为宾语从句时，仍用原句的语序，what has happen to him? do you know what has happen to him?一般疑问句变宾语从句，引导词用if或whether，i dont know if lisa is a teacher,陈述句语序，across在表面进行横过，穿过，一边到另一边， yet副词，尚未，还，常用否定和疑问句中和句末，表示说话人期望发生的事情尚未发生，常用于现在完成时， pardon sb for doing sth， rush off匆匆离去，rush up冲上，in a rush hour，shout at sb带指责，批评意味的大喊，shout to 不带指责和批评的大喊，shout out突然喊出，scary指对象和物是可怕的，suggest sth 建议某事，suggest doing sth，suggest..that sb(should)do sth（虚拟） 修饰比较级，a little，much，rather，even，far，不可以用so，very，too，quite修饰!used to 过去尝尝，跟动词原形，be used to sth/doing表示习惯，适应某事， be used for。被当做be of use有用的，be in use在使用 make use of sth利用某事，take up 开始从事，dare to do， not…anymore=no more，he
doesn't come late anymore=he no more comes late，there are crowds of people，be absent from缺席，take pride in=be proud of为…感到自豪，be nervous about+doing， seldom =hardly ever，置于实义动词前，助动词，系动词和情态动词后，

advise doing sth.建议做某事。 be always doing sth。 Be made into被制成， be widely known..广为人知。 it seems that…引导表语从句，似乎，看起来像. when in trouble状语从句的省略句，当主句主语和从句主语相同且从句中有be动词时，可以把从句中的主语以及be动词省略 i saw him while(i was) waiting for the bus/ he fell asleep when(he was)on duty. Be covered with系表结构侧重于食物的状态，可翻译为“到处都是”， be covered by被动语态，被…覆盖，强调覆盖这个动作。 are lit时被动语态结构，被点燃。 light作及物动词意为，点燃，过去式和过去分词都是lit。 Take place 非偶然性时间的发生，有某种原因或实现的安排 happen 碰巧发生，偶然或突发性时间 it happened that… 都没有被动语态， without doubt毫无疑问的，salty咸的，divide into把xx分开，divide…between/among在..之间分配，divide…up分割分配，behind the times落后，take ones time不用急 be popular with sb受xx欢迎，encourage sb in sth，come from=be come，come over顺便来访，job具体的工作，可数，work不可数，part time job，ear pierce lift强调把物体提离地面lift package，raise强调动作姿态，raise hands，talk back to 顶嘴，regret＋名词/代词/that/to do未做/doing已做，be strict with sb，be strict in sth对某事严格，sometime未来不确定的某个时间，some time一些时间 肯定句中must can could may might表示肯定的程度递减，he must一定 know，he cant一定不 know，must表推测时可表现在/过去/正在进行，may表推测时可用于否定但不能用疑问句，could/might一般用过去推测比can/may更加委婉，can在肯定句表理论上的可能性，smoking can cause cancer，cant/couldn't最有把握的否定，may not/might not没有把握，疑问句中一般只用can/could表达推测，attend a meeting正式，join加入，join in参加小规模活动，take part in参加群众性活动，宾格中的whom可用who替换，但如果whom有介词修饰不可替换，while表一段时间，表对照关系，receive被动地收到，accept主动接受，但表接见，接待时要用receive，another三个或三个以上的泛指另一个，the other是两个之中。
定语从句: 在复合句中修饰名词/代词(先行词)的从句，由关系代词which，whose，that，who，whom和关系副词when，where，why来引导<放在先行词和定语从句之间> 先行词是人＋物，用that，物用which，人用who，i prefer music that has great lyrics,先行词是不定代词如something的只能用that引导，i love the music that i can dance to， prefer＋名词/to do/动名词， prefer sb to do sth，prefer a to b a和b中更喜欢a，prefer to do sth rather than do sth，prefer doing a than to doing b， sb be supposed to do=should，suppose that… i suppose so/i don’t suppose so, suppose/supposing引导条件状语从句相当于if… continue to this day延续至今， it is pity that…可惜的是，he bowed his thanks鞠躬致谢，attitude to/toward sb，drop by/in顺便拜访，drop behind落后，drop on， never和seldom的肯定句用反义疑问时谓语用肯定 they never/seldom speak English，do/does they? be rude to对xx粗鲁，wipe mouth with napkin擦嘴，stick sth into把xx插入，go out of ones way to do竭尽全力做某事，bother about sth/doing sth，bother to do sth， make 用法:make ＋宾语＋宾补，it makes me happy 2 it做形式宾语 computer makes it easier to learn English 3接名词，动词和过去分词等做宾补，they all want to make Jim their monitor，i speak loudly in order to make my voice heard， make sb/sth ＋省略to的不定式 our teacher often make us retell the texts=>变被动语态时需还原to， we are often made to retell the texts by teacher, would rather do sth=prefer to do， 比较级 would ratherdo…thando… drive sb crazy=make sb crazy， to be felt left out被冷落， feel like doing=want to do sth，call sb in召回，call sth in回收，neither..nor/either..or谓语单复数就近原则，both用复数，keep ones eyes on盯着，keep an eye on 留意照看， thanks to 常用反语，多亏，due to因..造成＋doing，accidents due to driving too fast very very common，owing to因为， kick sb off = kick sb out of开除，be hard on sb对..很严厉，beside近似 also，moreover，in addition，pull together齐心协力，to his surprise and relief令他感到惊讶和欣慰的是，by the time相当于when，常与过去完成时连用，give…a lift捎了一程,给人提升，be。about。to打算，将要，正准备，waiting in line排队，i thought to myself我心里想， heard about听说，even though虽然，引导让步状语从句，in disbelief不相信，alive活着的，作表语或宾语，放在后面，living作表语时可和alive互换，作定语时要放在前面 play tricks/jokes on sb， end up doing sth， get married to sb=sb married sb短暂，be married to sb延续性， make a difference to，hear of听说，be harmful to/do harm to…，afford＋不定式， in a hurry匆忙地，in no hurry不慌不忙地，hurry to do匆忙地做，be put to good use被好好利用，most=very/quite，built…out of用..建造，pull。down拆下，turned upside down倒转，bring back to life回春，help oneself to自便